What helps bowel cancer survivors eat healthily and stay active after treatment?
We spoke to Dr Renate Winkels (pictured) and Dr Laura Winkens, at Wageningen University & Research, to discover more about their studies in bowel (also known as colorectal) cancer.
Your team looked at what influences people’s health behaviours after they’ve been treated for bowel cancer. What do you mean by health behaviours and what did you find out?
Health behaviours are the everyday choices people make that affect their health. In this study, we focused on 2 things:
- healthy eating (more fruit, vegetables, whole grains and beans; and less fast food, red meat, processed meat, sugary drinks and alcohol)
- physical activity
For people who’ve had bowel cancer, healthy behaviour may be associated with living longer, feeling better and having fewer problems like fatigue.
However, in previous studies, we found that many bowel cancer survivors don’t make big changes after treatment. Survivors are dealing with side-effects from the cancer or its treatment (such as gastrointestinal problems, fatigue or body image distress), which can make it hard to eat well and stay active.
Our study looked at what helps or gets in the way of healthy behaviour for people who have finished treatment for bowel cancer. We found:
Personal factors matter
How much time people have, their motivation, what they believe about healthy habits, what they know, and the skills they have can all influence whether they eat well and stay active.
Support helps
Encouragement and support from family and friends, or feeling like healthy habits are normal in their social circle, can make a big difference.
Environment plays a role
Access to gyms, parks, or even just good weather can affect how easy it is to be active.
Cancer symptoms can get in the way
Ongoing physical issues after cancer treatment, like fatigue or bowel problems, often make it harder for people to stick to healthy habits. But if someone is feeling physically well, they’re more likely to eat better and stay active.
Mental health may be important
Depression or being unhappy with one’s body seem to be linked with less healthy behaviour.
In short, to help people with bowel cancer lead healthier lives after treatment, we need to focus on motivation, knowledge, support, and overcoming the challenges they face physically and emotionally.
Towards a more complete picture
Your team conducted a “systematic review”. What is that and why is it important?
We wanted to find out what other scientists had studied, so we could build our study on the latest evidence. Moreover, we wanted to provide an overview of the topic. We looked at 21 papers, but we started with around 800 publications, and had to sift through them to identify the relevant ones.
You divided the studies into quantitative or qualitative. Why did you choose to look at both?
Quantitative studies collected a lot of numbers and measurements. The studies used standardised questionnaires to collect data on dietary intake and other aspects of lifestyle. Those studies answer questions like “how many” or “how much”.
Qualitative studies focus more on experiences. Such studies are mostly interviews to better understand why people do what they do, or how people behave.
Together, they provide a richer, more complete picture of the challenges and motivations colorectal cancer survivors face.
Were you surprised that people find it hard to change their behaviour?
Not really. Most people will recognise how challenging it can be to always make healthy choices. After cancer, when you’re rebuilding your life, that can be even harder.
How important is mental health for people living with and beyond bowel cancer?
Mental health is a very broad topic. People who have had bowel cancer may have a stoma, or be suffering from fatigue, or from bowel functioning problems. These can have a real impact on your life, and it’s important to address them. Some care teams really have an eye on this, but it’s not always the case. One patient told me that she did not dare to discuss her feelings of severe fatigue with her oncologist, as the oncologist told her that “fatigue was not a thing” for people with bowel cancer. We need more awareness and integrated care that addresses both mental and physical health to truly support survivors’ wellbeing.
You’ve also looked at whether following our Cancer Prevention Recommendations can reduce fatigue for people with bowel cancer.
We set up a study to assess whether following the Recommendations would help people to feel less fatigue. Cancer-related fatigue is a symptom that many bowel cancer patients experience during treatment and after completion. What is disturbing is that this type of persistent, overwhelming sense of physical, emotional or mental fatigue is not proportional to activity nor relieved by resting or sleeping.
We recruited participants for the trial who were experiencing cancer-related fatigue. In a randomised study, half of the group received lifestyle coaching to improve their adherence to the Recommendations, while the control group did not.
The coaching really helped the participants to adopt a healthier lifestyle: over time, this group reported eating more fruit and vegetables, and less processed meat and sugar-sweetened beverages. Also, physical activity levels went up more in the group that received coaching than in the control group.
Nevertheless, those changes didn’t result in less fatigue. This suggests that while these changes have many benefits, managing fatigue may require additional, targeted interventions.
This grant was funded by Wereld Kanker Onderzoek Fonds based in the Netherlands, as part of the World Cancer Research Fund International network.
Preventing cancer. Saving lives
While society continues to search for a cure, our prevention and survival work helps people to live longer, healthier lives – free from the devastating effects of cancer.