HPV, infections and cancer

Infections can increase the risk of some cancers, but not everyone with these infections will develop cancer. Other factors, such as what you eat, your body weight, and how active you are, are still important.

HPV (human papilloma virus)

HPV is a common infection, but some types of the virus can lead to cancer, especially cervical cancer. HPV spreads through skin-to-skin contact, usually during sexual activity. Using a barrier method of contraception, such as a condom, reduces the risk.

Vaccination is effective against the types of HPV that cause most cervical cancers. The availability of vaccination varies between countries. The World Health Organization recommends that all girls aged 9–14 years should be given HPV vaccines, before they become sexually active.

> Find out more about cervical cancer

Hepatitis

Infection with hepatitis B (HBV) or C (HCV) can cause liver cancer. The viruses can be passed on through blood and other bodily fluids, most commonly through sexual activity or sharing needles to inject drugs.

In many countries, children are offered vaccination against HBV. The risk can also be reduced by having safe sex and not sharing needles.

> Find out more about liver cancer

Helicobacter pylori (H pylori)

Infection with H pylori, a bacterium that grows in the stomach, is common worldwide, but especially in low- and middle-income countries. It is usually acquired during childhood. It spreads through contaminated food and water, or mouth-to-mouth contact.

H pylori increases the risk of stomach cancer. It can also cause stomach ulcers. Infection with H pylori can be treated, so talk to your doctor if you have stomach problems or ulcers.

> Find out more about stomach cancer